From prostate to heart: These are the diseases you should know about

Men are affected differently than women in many ways when it comes to health. Some diseases occur more frequently in men or show specific courses. Particularly interesting: many of these diseases have a direct link to the hormonal balance.

Cardiovascular problems, prostate cancer, and diabetes are just a few examples of health risks that become more significant with age ( Zakaria et al., 2001 ). Often, warning signals from the body are ignored or doctor's visits are delayed, making early diagnosis and treatment more difficult.

In addition to genetic factors and lifestyle, hormonal balance can also play a role. Testosterone influences many bodily functions and is associated with some of these diseases – whether through direct effects on metabolism, the cardiovascular system, or general well-being ( Diokno, 2022 ).

But what makes these diseases so insidious? This article will discuss which health risks are particularly relevant for men, how they affect the body, and what can be done to prevent them.

Differences in health risks between men and women

Men and women differ not only in appearance, but also in their susceptibility to certain diseases. For example, men develop cardiovascular diseases earlier and more frequently than women ( Techniker Krankenkasse 2022 ).

Cancers are also often more aggressive in men, and mental health problems are more frequently left untreated ( Men and Mental Health , nd ). Furthermore, men have a lower life expectancy: According to current data from the Federal Statistical Office, the average life expectancy at birth is 78.2 years for men, while it is 83.0 years for women ( Deaths and Life Expectancy , nd ).

Why men are particularly at risk:

• Higher rates of high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels: These factors increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and are more common in men ( Song et al., 2019 ).

• More common unhealthy lifestyle habits: Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and unbalanced diets, which negatively impacts their health ( Wang et al., 2022 ).

• Fewer doctor visits and lower participation in preventive examinations: Men seek medical help less often and make less use of preventive care services, which leads to diseases being diagnosed later ( Pinkhasov et al., 2010 ).

• Higher mortality in serious illnesses: In diseases such as cancer or heart attack, the mortality rate is higher in men than in women ( Crimmins, 2019 ).

These factors underscore the importance of early detection and targeted prevention of health risks in men. A conscious lifestyle, regular medical checkups, and participation in preventative examinations can contribute to a lasting improvement in men's health.

You can find out more about preventative care in our article " Preventative check-ups for men: Act early, stay healthy ".

1. Prostate cancer: Early detection saves lives

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, accounting for about a quarter of all cancer cases. Around 65,000 men in Germany receive this diagnosis every year ( How Common Is Prostate Cancer?, nd ). The insidious thing about it is that prostate cancer often develops undetected for years and only causes symptoms in advanced stages.

Risk factors for prostate cancer:

• Age: The risk increases significantly with age. While prostate cancer is rare in men under 50, the incidence increases significantly thereafter ( Causes and Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer , nd ).

• Family history: Men with close relatives such as a father or brother who have had prostate cancer have an increased risk of developing the disease themselves. If the father is affected, the risk doubles; if a brother is affected, it even triples ( Causes and Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer , nd ).

• Unhealthy lifestyle: A diet high in red meat and animal fats, as well as being overweight, can increase the risk. Furthermore, lack of exercise and high alcohol consumption are suspected of increasing the risk ( Müller, 2024 ).

Early detection and prevention:

• Regular check-ups: Men should have a prostate examination by a urologist annually from the age of 45. This usually includes a digital rectal examination of the prostate and can be supplemented by a PSA test.

• Healthy diet: A balanced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, and healthy fats can reduce the risk. Certain foods, such as tomato products and soy, are associated with a lower risk.

• Regular exercise: Physical activity supports overall health and can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Regular exercise lowers the risk of prostate cancer, whereas smokers have a slightly higher risk.

Relationship with testosterone:

The role of the male sex hormone testosterone in the development of prostate cancer is complex and continues to be researched. Earlier assumptions that high testosterone levels increase the risk have been challenged by more recent studies. Current findings suggest that blood testosterone levels do not influence the risk of prostate cancer ( “Endogenous Sex Hormones and Prostate Cancer: A Collaborative Analysis of 18 Prospective Studies,” 2008 ).

However, it is known that prostate cancer cells can grow in a testosterone-dependent manner. Therefore, certain therapies aim to block the effects of testosterone or reduce its production in order to inhibit tumor growth ( Lehmann et al., 2021 ).

You can find more information in our article “ Myths and Facts about Testosterone ”.

In summary, it should be noted that a conscious lifestyle with a healthy diet, regular exercise and the attendance of preventive examinations can significantly contribute to reducing the risk of prostate cancer.

2. Cardiovascular diseases: Men are particularly at risk

Cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes, are among the leading causes of death for men worldwide. Statistics show that men are affected by these diseases on average about ten years earlier than women.

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases:

• High blood pressure (hypertension): Persistently elevated blood pressure puts strain on the blood vessels and the heart, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. Approximately one-third of men in Germany suffer from medically diagnosed high blood pressure ( Ärzteblatt, 2016 ).

• High cholesterol levels: Elevated LDL cholesterol levels promote the formation of plaques in the arteries, which can lead to arteriosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases ( Adhikary et al., 2022 ).

• Obesity and lack of exercise: A high body mass index (BMI) and insufficient physical activity are significant risk factors. Overweight men have a 46% increased risk of developing coronary heart disease ( Adhikary et al., 2022 ).

• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Nicotine and alcohol damage blood vessels and increase blood pressure, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease ( Adhikary et al., 2022 ).

• Chronic stress: Persistent stress can lead to high blood pressure and other health problems that put a strain on the cardiovascular system ( Franklin et al., 2021 ).

How you can reduce your risk:

• Regular exercise: Both strength and endurance training strengthen the heart and improve blood circulation. At least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week is recommended.

• Heart-healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can help lower cholesterol and blood pressure levels. The consumption of saturated fats and sugar should be reduced.

• Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga or conscious breaks in everyday life can help reduce stress and thus relieve the heart ( Zok et al., 2024 ).

• Regular medical check-ups: Regular examinations to monitor blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar are important in order to intervene early.

Relationship with testosterone:

Several studies suggest that low testosterone levels may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In a large-scale meta-analysis, a research team analyzed eleven studies with data from over 24,000 older men over a five-year period. In addition to general health parameters, various hormone levels were recorded, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol. The analysis revealed that low testosterone levels are associated with increased mortality. Men with testosterone levels below 7.4 nmol/L had an increased risk of premature death. If the level was below 5.3 nmol/L, the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease was particularly high ( Yeap et al., 2024 ).

Other studies have shown that testosterone replacement therapy does not increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events, contrary to previous assumptions ( Overbeck, 2024 ).

It is important to discuss the individual risks and benefits of such therapy with a doctor. By implementing these measures and regularly monitoring their own health, men can significantly reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease.

3. Type 2 Diabetes: The Underestimated Danger

Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases worldwide and affects approximately 8.7 million people in Germany ( Diabetes in Numbers | diabetesDE - German Diabetes Aid , nd ). If left untreated, this disease can lead to serious complications, including heart attack, nerve damage (neuropathy), and kidney failure (nephropathy).

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes:

• Overweight, especially visceral fat: A high proportion of abdominal fat increases insulin resistance, which raises blood sugar levels ( Dhokte & Czaja, 2024 ).

• Lack of exercise: A lack of physical activity leads to reduced glucose utilization in the muscles and thus promotes the development of diabetes.

• Unhealthy diet: A diet rich in sugar and refined carbohydrates can lead to weight gain and insulin resistance.

• Genetic predisposition: A family history of diabetes increases the individual risk of developing the disease ( Genetics of Diabetes | American Diabetes Association , nd ).

Preventive measures:

• A high-fiber diet: Consuming vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats supports blood sugar control and promotes satiety.

• Regular physical activity: At least 30 minutes of moderate exercise per day improves insulin sensitivity and helps with weight management.

• Avoiding highly processed foods: Consuming fresh, unprocessed foods helps with weight control and reduces the risk of diabetes.

Relationship with testosterone:

Low testosterone levels can impair insulin sensitivity and thus increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Conversely, existing diabetes can negatively affect testosterone production, leading to a vicious cycle ( Traish et al., 2008 ).

It is therefore important to monitor testosterone levels in men with type 2 diabetes and to consider therapeutic measures if necessary.

More information can be found in our expert article by Prof. Dr. Zitzmann: “ Why diabetics should definitely keep an eye on their testosterone levels ”.

4. Erectile dysfunction: An important warning sign

Erectile dysfunction (ED), commonly referred to as impotence, affects many men and is often a sensitive topic. However, it can be an important warning sign of underlying health problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hormonal imbalances ( Dong & Zhang, 2011 ).

Common causes of erection problems:

• Circulatory disorders due to arteriosclerosis: Narrowed or hardened blood vessels can impair blood flow to the penis, leading to erectile dysfunction. Diseases such as diabetes mellitus and arteriosclerosis are responsible for approximately 45% of physical causes of ED ( Causes » Diseases » Internists on the Net » , nd ).

• Hormonal changes: Low testosterone levels can impair libido and erectile function. Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone and plays a crucial role in sexual function ( Brooke et al., 2014 ).

• Psychological stress: Stress, anxiety, or depression can negatively affect sexual function. Psychological factors are frequent triggers or contributing factors to erectile dysfunction ( NDR, 2024 ).

• Side effects of medications: Certain medications, such as some blood pressure lowering drugs, antidepressants or tranquilizers, can cause erectile problems as a side effect ( Firmennest, 2024 ).

What helps?

• A healthy lifestyle: Regular physical activity and a balanced diet promote blood circulation and support overall health. Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can also reduce the risk of ED.

• Open communication with your doctor: A medical examination can help identify the causes of erectile dysfunction and discuss suitable treatment options. These can range from medication to psychological support.
  

Relationship with testosterone:

Testosterone is essential for libido and erectile function. A deficiency can impair sexual function and reduce sexual desire. However, the relationship between testosterone deficiency and erectile dysfunction is complex and not fully understood. Low testosterone levels can contribute to erection problems, but other factors often play a role as well ( Brooke et al., 2014 ).

It is important not to view erectile dysfunction as an isolated problem, but rather as a possible indicator of other health conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment can not only improve sexual health, but also help to detect and treat serious illnesses early on.

5. Mental health: Men underestimate the risk

Mental health is an often underestimated issue among men. While men suffer from stress, depression, and anxiety disorders just as frequently as women, they are less likely to actively seek help. Societal expectations that portray men as always "strong" and resilient often lead to mental health problems being ignored or downplayed ( McKenzie et al., 2022 ).

Risk factors for mental illness in men:

• High performance pressure: In both professional and private settings, men are often under considerable pressure to succeed, which can lead to chronic stress and overload.

• Lack of communication about emotions: Traditional gender roles often do not encourage men to talk about their feelings, which makes it difficult to process emotional stress.

• Chronic stress: Persistent stress without sufficient recovery periods can increase the risk of mental illness ( Marin & Lord, 2011 ).

How you can strengthen your mental health:

• Regular exercise: Sporting activities have been proven to improve mood and reduce stress.

• Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, breathing exercises or yoga can help reduce stress and find inner balance.

• Open conversations: Sharing personal challenges with friends, family, or a therapist can be relieving and open up new perspectives.

Relationship with testosterone:

Chronic stress and depression can be associated with declining testosterone levels. Conversely, low testosterone levels can exacerbate lethargy and depressive moods ( Ärzteblatt, 2015 ).

It is important to take mental health symptoms seriously and seek help early. A conscious approach to one's own mental health significantly contributes to quality of life.

Our conclusion, your knowledge

A man's health is largely in his own hands. Many of the most common illnesses can be avoided or detected early through a combination of a healthy diet, regular exercise, and timely checkups. Knowing your individual risk factors and taking proactive steps to counteract them can not only improve your quality of life but also prevent serious long-term health consequences.

A key component of prevention is the regular monitoring of key health markers. Adon Health offers innovative blood tests that allow you to conveniently analyze important values ​​– including your testosterone levels – from the comfort of your home. This provides valuable insights into your health and enables you to take targeted steps to actively support your well-being.